1) Does God’s grace give a believer the freedom to sin recklessly and consistently? (verses 15-16)
Since the original Koine-Greek didn’t provide punctuation, the translators supplied it as they saw necessary within the context. It is crucial to understand that Paul was emphatic in verse 15. Paul’s point of emphasis was essential to understanding God’s grace. Especially in an epistle, this kind of examination of the writer’s tone is vital to correct interpretation. When reading a letter we have received, we may repeatedly review the written words. We want to know if there is a hint of something more than what is evident. Punctuation is helpful as we assess tone. To understand Paul’s whole tone, we refer to his questions introduced in Romans 5:20-6:2. His question in verse 15 is not simply a repeat of those questions, but rather it evidences he is building his case. The verb tense in the Greek makes it clear that in the previous verses he is referring to continual sinning, while here it’s the act of a particular sin. (preceptaustin.org) Though Paul never indicates sin will completely lose its appeal, he makes it clear that a sinful lifestyle and specific acts of sin will be loathed by a professing believer. The Greek phrase mē genoito (“may it never be”) is the key to knowing how to punctuate these verses. It is why every reliable translation for verse 15 adds the exclamation point. Verse 16 stresses the importance of the believer’s slavery to obedience leading to righteousness, not to slavery to sin leading to death. “Having presented himself to God in dedication, the believer needs to obey Him. Obligation always follows dedication whether the dedication is to sin or to obedience. The outcome of dedication to sin is death, but the outcome of dedication to obedience is righteousness.” (studylight.org)

2) How can those in Christ be set free, yet at the same time be enslaved? (verse 18)
There is such a beautiful gospel paradox in verse 18! Only in God’s reality is there a freedom and a slavery that exists concurrently. The freedom to obey is a concept beyond our human comprehension. It requires faith in God’s word and in His promises, and a radical reconstruction of our view of sin and righteousness. Our human tendency is to see boundaries as restrictive, not freeing. A fish is restricted by water, while also alive in that water. It seems impossible for self-denial to be a demonstration of grace received. Yet it is this tension that is at the core of the entire book of Romans. The life of a Christ follower is one of continual, internal war between competing desires. Paul himself knew the struggle well. (Romans 7:18-23) The difference between genuine obedience to righteousness and attempting an obedience to the law is in our heart motivation. These believers obeyed “from the heart.” In verse 17, Paul expresses his thankfulness for their good choice to sincerely obey. Paul reminds the reader that “being enslaved to righteousness” is a position and a decision. We become slaves to righteousness when we come to Christ; it is our position as believers. (1 Corinthians 1:30-31) But we must choose to declare that freedom when temptations arise that would take us captive to sin again. (Galatians 3:21-27) Dedication to God’s way and God’s will does not provide an automatic assurance we will always do the right thing. Paul understands that not every believer will access his or her freedom (verse 16) from sin’s oppression and choose slavery to righteousness. Yet, righteousness obtained inevitably leads the people of God to desire to live in obedience to Him.

3) What prompted the apostle Paul to use the analogy of human freedom and slavery? (verses 19-20)
Jesus also spoke of being a slave to sin in John 8:34 because His hearers understood the relationship between slave and master all too well. They were keenly familiar with the circumstances in which serving as a slave necessitated yielding to the one in control. Paul also used this comparison because the understanding of its gravity was so common and readily understood by the masses. He wrote that he was “using a human analogy” (Romans 6:19) by comparing the believer’s situation to that of a free person on the one hand and to a slave on the other. Paul did this to help his readers grasp the critical importance of the message. He felt compelled to be extremely explicit due to their past relationship with sin. Paul wrote in verse 19 that he used this analogy “because of the weakness of their flesh [human nature]”. They were sinful humans needing God’s saving grace. (Romans 5:8-12) Now he reminded them that the saving grace they had initially experienced would be the same grace that produced the righteousness in them on a regular basis. Bible scholars call this process of choosing which way we’ll be enslaved “progressive sanctification”. Though we possess the righteousness of Christ and eternal life at the moment of our salvation (John 10:28-29, 1 Peter 1:3-5), believers are a work in progress even now as His Spirit makes us more like Christ. Paul said that each time we choose righteousness over sin, sanctification is taking place. (verse 22, see question 4) “[This] refers to the process in our daily lives by which we are being conformed to the image of Christ. It is the process of becoming what we are in Christ. This involves the putting off of the old habits of lying, stealing, backbiting, etc., and putting on the Christ-like qualities of honesty, mercy, and love.” (Bible.org)

4) What are the contrasting results and outcome of choosing to depend on grace rather than law to save us? (verses 22-23)
Paul consistently though of the law in terms of its commands, so when he speaks of righteousness not being attained through the law, he has this in mind. For more of Paul’s teaching regarding the law, his letter to the Galatians is helpful. Check out our accompanying Journey Theme: Freedom. Paul says in verse 15 these believers were “not under the law but under grace.” The Law had provided for the people the habits of holiness, but it could not change their sinful nature. It lacked the power to change the desire of their hearts. Paul’s concern was that this newfound grace would wrongly lead them to sin more by completely ignoring the Law as if it no longer mattered. He was astonished at this response. Since the fruit of their failed attempts to keep the Law was shame, why would they take for granted the grace that had freed them from that?! Sin had held them captive to an eventual death. BUT NOW (verse 22) there was different fruit that would be produced through God’s Spirit! No longer would the fruit be shame, it would be life! This new life generates fruit that glorifies God and creates lasting joy, where the ultimate outcome is eternal life. Paul equates being a slave to righteousness with being “a slave to God.” (verse 22) Their now-Master is God Himself instead of Sin. Paul had explained in Romans 1:28-32 that sin was serious and that the wages were fair. All sinners “deserve” to die. Now he repeats the important outcome of sin and the contrast that must be acknowledged, “The wages of sin is DEATH.” (verse 23) But under grace – that is, the gift of God – the outcome is eternal LIFE! (Ephesians 2:8-9)

1) What is the “business” God has given for us to do?
The phrasing in verse 10, “I have seen the business that God has given to the children of man to be busy with” refers to the scene from Genesis 3 when the curse is laid on Adam as a result of his sin in the Garden of Eden. (Genesis 3:17-19) The curse details how, even though Adam had previously been given work as a gift, now the work would carry a burden, it would be difficult, and produce only a fraction of what it would have before the effects of sin. The work God intended to bring us life and satisfaction in the doing of it, will now be twisted with sin and death. The Genesis passage also references life itself, which was a gift given to humankind, but now because of sin, all life will return to dust. If this were the end of the story, life itself is utterly meaningless. (Ecclesiastes 1:14)

2) How do we better understand God as a Groom through this passage?
Verse 11 immediately follows up the meaninglessness of verse 10 with hope, “He has made everything beautiful in its time”, which also references the finishing of Creation in Genesis 1:31 when God declared that everything He had made was very good. All of creation, in its original design, was very good, flawless without a hint of imperfection, but man chose sin, destroying the beauty. (Ecclesiastes 7:29, Genesis 3:6-7) Yet, the God who made everything beautiful at creation’s inception, is not impotent when it comes to sin and its decay. The same all-powerful God who formed atoms at the beginning of time and space, is the same all-powerful God who “has put eternity into man’s heart”. There is more beyond the “now”, there is eternity, and an eternal God who, in His own creation, shaped the heart of all people to long for eternity, to seek out the eternal God…to look for HOPE beyond themselves. This is the heart of a Groom who longs for His Bride. This is a picture of a pursuant God who intentionally designed His Beloved to hunger for Him, to ache to be made whole.

3) How does God’s eternal character comfort His Bride, the Church, in verses 14-15?
The teacher of Ecclesiastes notes that “whatever God does, endures forever” (verse 14) His purposes are sure and His plans cannot be thwarted, even in spite of our sin! The teacher further goes on to explain that this eternality of God and His immutability, is for our benefit. He set up creation that humanity would perceive the character of God (Romans 1:20) in order that we might fear Him (meaning to stand in absolute stunning awe of Him), come to know Him, and call Him Lord for ourselves. He is the pursuant Groom, and we are the ones He is seeking that He might call us His Bride! “God seeks what has been driven away.” (verse 15)