Ninevah

1) What caused Jonah to become “furious” (4:1)? Why is it so significant to the story?
In 2 Kings 14:25 we find evidence that Jonah was a historical prophet (not a parable character) called by God. He was a real man whose story was equally real. Jesus also referred to Jonah and Nineveh, giving us some idea what the city was like and what made Jonah furious. “This generation is an evil generation. It demands a sign, but no sign will be given to it except the sign of Jonah. Jonah became a sign to the people of Nineveh, so also the Son of Man will be to this generation.” (Luke 11:29-30) In Jonah 4:2 Jonah tells God: “I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger, abounding in faithful love, and one who relents from sending disaster.”
Old Testament professor Dr. Douglas Stuart says Jonah “was a prophet who has this kind of special situation.” Unlike his contemporaries Amos and Hosea, the attitude of Jonah is revealed more than his message. Dr Stuart gives insight into Jonah’s anger and its significance. The prophet had been preaching “the destruction of Israel’s enemies. [But] the Assyrians were far more threatening than some of those Jonah preached against like the Syrians. He does not want to hear that God is now calling him to go and have a ministry of compassion to people he hates.”

2) What caused Jonah to be “pleased” (4:6)? Why is it so significant to the story?
Bible scholars are not in agreement about the best interpretation of the Hebrew word used to describe what God provided for Jonah’s shade. The word kikayon is only referenced here in the book of Jonah. The CSB says God caused a “plant” to grow over Jonah’s head, where other translations will say tree. Whatever it was, Bible commentator John Calvin said “it must have therefore been something extraordinary. God added this shrub to the shade afforded by the booth: for in those regions, as we know, the sun is very hot; and further, it was, as we shall see, an extraordinary heat. So, it protects him a little bit in the early day when the sun is slanting and late. Then God causes this leafy gourd to grow up very quickly and suddenly he has got a roof. Now that is not bad. Breeze comes through and you have got shade and it is not bad. He kind of likes that gourd; it is a nice gourd.” (Biblehub.com) Simply put, the shade pleased Jonah. The contrast in Jonah’s attitude from anger to pleasure was of great significance, revealing what mattered most to Jonah. Sadly, it was not God’s mercy that comforted the prophet. Neither did he desire for it to be shown to the Ninevites.

3) What does God’s response reveal about His heart of compassion toward rebellious people (4:11)?
When God told Jonah He “cared” about the people of Nineveh (verse 11), He was communicating His mercy. The Hebrew meaning here is “to pity, look upon with compassion.” (biblehub.com) God’s desire was to spare them, despite their wickedness. This tender God would have spared the city of Sodom if only ten righteous men were found. (Genesis 18:20-33) Jonah obviously knew it was this kind of God who called him to Nineveh. “I knew You were a gracious and compassionate God.” (verse 2) Although some interpret the phrase to denote only children, most likely the “people who cannot distinguish between their right and their left” (verse 11) refer to all the Ninevite people in spiritual ignorance. The Hebrew word used here in Jonah is not the Hebrew word for “children,” giving evidence that a broader interpretation which includes all the people in Nineveh is probably the best rendering. (Holman OT Commentary) God is a God who takes pity on those who stumble blindly in the darkness of sin. His heart is merciful toward those far from Him. On the cross, God the Son prayed for His Father to forgive those who were murdering Him, saying “because they do not know what they are doing.” (Luke 23:32-24)